Financial Revolution Underway Led by Global Banking System

There is a quiet revolution going on. It's not a political revolution or a social revolution. It is being carried out without guns, bullets or physical violence, but this aspect makes it none the less real. The world is in the midst of a financial revolution led by the banking system whose representative in the U.S. is the Federal Reserve, a private bank that is not part of our current government system and does not hold reserves. The goal is the complete dominance, ownership and control of all assets by the government. What Americans are now witnessing may be the finest coup d'etat ever perpetrated.Phase One: Get people to place their money where it can easily be taken from themIn the last quarter century, more people have been encouraged to put their money into the stock market. The Monetary De-Regulation Act of 1980 allowed Americans to invest overseas and foreigners to invest in the American markets. At the same time, employers began to discontinue defined benefit retirement plans for their employees. These plans were replaced by employer sponsored retirement accounts that offered stock as the only viable way to capture the kind of return needed to fund a retirement. The onus for management of these accounts fell to the employees who for the most part didn't have a clue about the stock market or how to manage money.The stock market was hyped by everyone. Entire TV channels were devoted to continuous, all day coverage of the markets with one prevailing mantra: buy and hold. Investing for the long term was paved as the road to riches and retirement. Every effort was made to convince new investors that when the market declined, it was the time to buy even more stock. Soon the nation was obsessed with the stock market and statistics loudly heralded that more than half of Americans owned stocks either individually or through their retirement plans.The market roared higher and the party was on, lasting until the new millennium. At that point people even began calling for Social Security funds to be put into the market, but try as they might, the Bush people were unable to put this last safety net for Americans into jeopardy. When it became apparent that Social Security funds couldn't be added to the market to fuel it even higher, the lights went out on the party, and people in the know scrambled to grab the money.Part of the buy and hold mantra has been that the market always comes back. The problem is investors have to wait for the come-back, sometimes for decades. People who bought and held at the beginning of the Great Depression in 1929 did not break even again until 1954, and that doesn't account for inflation.Selling high is one of the biggest transfers of wealth from the uninformed to those in the know. People selling at the top or shortly after the market starts to go down are able to walk away with the gains. People who hold can only watch as the market continues to decline and their gains evaporate. It is only because enough were conned into believing in the buy and hold strategy that there was a pool of money just waiting to be pocketed by the sellers.The future looks rosy for those who sold at the top or shortly after the decline began. They have a pocket full of cash with which to capitalize on the next up market. Now all the commentators say cash is king. Too bad for those still holding stocks. Once those that are left in the market realize they have been had, they will sell too, bringing on another huge leg down of prices. The unfolding of this financial coup is helping them catch on, and the next leg down is probably right around the corner.Phase Two: Gather assets and place them under government controlFor those still thinking it is too late to sell and stubbornly holding on to their 401(K) accounts, new legislation is afoot to take care of them too. During the week of Oct. 6th, a professor of economic policy analysis laid out a plan before the House Education and Labor Committee and the House Ways and Means Committee's Subcommittee on Income Security and Family Support. Here are the components of the plan.1.All workers would receive a $600 annual inflation-adjusted subsidy from the U.S. government but would be required to invest 5 percent of their pay into a guaranteed retirement account administered by the Social Security Administration. This money would be invested in special government bonds accruing interest at 3 percent per year. (This is a lot like the current Social Security progam).The current system of providing tax breaks on 401(k) contributions and earning would be eliminated. There would be no more federal subsidy of 401(k)s. A 401(k) could continue to exist, but there would no longer be the subsidy of the tax break.3.Congress would allow workers to swap out their 401(k) assets and transfer their money into the new government plan, perhaps at the levels where the stock market was before the financial crisis began. (The idea here being to induce holders of 401(k) plans to turn over their plan assets to the government in exchange for restoring the balance in their 401(k) to the level prior to the stock market collapse in September and October)4.The new plan would allow workers to pass on only half of their account balances to their heirs, with the government presumably keeping the remaining halfUnder this plan, matching funds contributed by employers would also be subject to income taxation and additional FICA taxation for both employer and employee. Eliminating tax breaks would push individuals into higher tax brackets even though they have no additional disposable income. However, the most glaring feature of this plan is that the government would become the owner of 401(k) assets.And for the crowning blow there is the Treasury's new guide for how the financial markets and their regulatory structures will be brought into line with and fit into the New Economic Order, another name for the New World Order, the ongoing creation of a solitary fascist world government resulting in the complete loss of sovereignty. The implementation the Blueprint for a Modernized Regulatory Structure (March 31, 2008) is being played out right now, in front of our very eyes. This document, according to its introductory paragraph, is designed to "ensure that finanical institutions have the ability to keep pace with evolving markets". It calls for the Secretary of the Treasury in consultation with the Chairman of the Federal Reserve to have the discretion to purchase assets as deemed necessary to effectively stabilize financial markets. It gives these two appointed, not elected, individuals the power to intervene in the markets of the country as they see fit when market conditions are unstable. It is a guarantee that market conditions will continue to be unstable while the transfer of assets into government hands is underway.The bailout was the initiating salvo. It proclaimed the power outlined in the blueprint was going to be put into use to deal with a "banking crisis" that appeared one day out of nowhere. This bailout is but one tiny appetizer for the soon to be revealed main course, the unfettered grabbing of assets ranging from precious metals to paper assets and real estate. According to the blueprint which can easily be read online, savings and loans, state chartered banks, thrifts, credit unions, the mortgage industry, insurance carriers, and the transfer agents for Wall Street will be the first to fall under government control. The Blueprint gives the Federal Reserve the power to oversee all of American's financial markets. It brings the government in line with the socialist model cast for the New World Order. It creates an absolutist state controlled by corporations and international bankers.Under this new authority, courts are barred from reviewing actions taken by the Treasury Secretary and the Federal Reserve. They are now effectively above the law and have more power than the President, who still must conform to the legal structures.It is no coincidence that the "financial crisis" opening the door for this coup began during the ongoing hoopla over the presidential election. While the nation was busy obsessing over minute differences between the candidates, the central bankers were walking away with the real power. It is Paulson and Bernanke who now run the country. Obama and the role of the president have been marginalized. As programmed bankruptcy and economic depression set in, the American population will be reduced to serfdom with an economic status that parallels that of Mexico and other third world countries, preparing the way for the gathering of these countries under the New World Order.A recent article by Kurt Nimmo quotes Carrol Quigley, a longstanding member of the Council on Foreign Relations who tried to warn us back in 1966 when he wrote: "The powers of financial capitalism had far-reaching aim, nothing less than to create a world system of financial control in private hands able to dominate the political system of each country and the economy of the world as a whole. This stem was to be controlled in a feudalist fashion by the central banks of the world acting in concert, by secret agreements arrived at in frequent meetings and conferences. The apex of the systems was to be the Bank for International Settlements in Basel, Switzerland, a private bank owned and controlled by the world's central banks which were themselves private corporations. Each central bank . . . sought to dominate its government by its ability to control Treasury loans, to manipulate foreign exchanges, to influence the level of economic activity in the country, and to influence cooperative politicians by subsequent economic rewards in the business world."

Watch possible jobs for hot, sexy, and beautiful girl

The world today is experiencing global economic problems. There many people who lost their jobs. Many Manufacturing, Marking, Advertising, Financing, Real Estate and Banking Companies reduce their employees or workers because of these global economic crises.For hot, sexy, and beautiful girls, what possible jobs they can find? There are many possible jobs or work for hot, sexy and beautiful girl. Because they are hot, sexy, and beautiful, they can work as sexy star, sexy model, sexy actress, sexy commercial models, endorser of products like ladies wear from shampoo, make-up, lips stick, lotion, perfume, pants, shirts, ladies bags and accessories.They can be an endorser of products like cigarettes, Beer, wines, whisky, and other alcoholic products.They can work also as TV host, ago go dancer, entertainer, guest relation officer, model of sexy magazines and singer in bar or night clubs.

The Evolution of the World Bank's Land Policy: Principles, Experience, and Future Challenges

Klaus Deininger is an economist in the World Bank's Development Research Group; Hans Binswanger is sector director in the Rural Development and Environment Department in the Africa Region. The authors would like to thank Michael Carter, Alain de Janvry, Dina Umali-Deininger, Ruben Echeverria, Gershon Fedcr, Gustavo Gordillo de Anda, Isabel Lavadenz, Shcm Migot-Adholla, Pedro Olinto, Elisabeth Sadoulet, and participants at a World Institute for Development Economics Research (WIDER) workshop in Santiago and various World Bank seminars for detailed comments.
This article examines the evolution of policy recommendations concerning rural land issues since the formulation of the World Bank's "Land Reform Policy Paper" in 1975. That paper set out three guiding principles: the desirability of owner-operated family farms; the need for markets to permit land to be transferred to more productive users; and the importance of an egalitarian asset distribution. In the 25 years since that paper was published, these guiding principles have remained the same, but it is now recognized that communal tenure systems can be more cost-effective than formal title, that titling programs should be judged on their equity as well as their efficiency, that the potential of land rental markets has often been severely underestimated, that land-sale markets enhance efficiency only if they are integrated into a broader effort at developing rural factor markets, and that land reform is more likely to result in a reduction of poverty if it harnesses (rather than undermines) the operation of land markets and is implemented in a decentralized fashion. Achieving land policies that incorporate these elements requires a coherent legal and institutional framework together with greater reliance on pilot programs to examine the applicability of interventions under local conditions.

SEXY BANKING TREND

In the last couple of years, microcredit has managed to get a sexy reputation, for better and for worse. The attention helps to bring large dollops of funding, but at the same time raises expectations higher than can ever be met. Development initiatives of this type probably go through something similar to Gartner's hype cycle for technological breakthroughs, with a peak, a trough, and a leveling off: Microcredit is probably past its peak of inflated expectations. Microinsurance, though, may be one its way up - now that the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has thrown its weight behind microinsurance, attention is sure to grow. The Gates Foundation recently awarded a grant to the International Labor Organization to establish a Microinsurance Innovation Facility - in cooperation with CGAP - that will award some 40 to 50 innovation grants at a total value of $18 million. (For more on the initiative, check out Improving risk management for the poor.) Microcredit has proven effective enough that it will undoutedly make it to the 'plateau of productivity'. Can the same be said of microinsurance? In its October edition, The Banker reports on one of the success stories of microinsurance. The Micro Insurance Agency has been able to offer a commercially viable product with extraordinarily small margins: Founded in 2005 by parent company Opportunity International, among the world's largest microfinance networks, MIA is something of a specialist in this regard. As a designer, distributor and administrator of insurance products specifically for the poor, the organisation has to think dynamically when it comes to the technological and operational aspects of delivering crop insurance. Working in conjunction with the World Bank and several other partners, MIA has become a recognised pioneer in delivering inexpensive, accessible microcrop insurance to poor communities, through the development of the world's first weather index-linked microinsurance products. Will this all turn out to be hype that all comes tumbling down? My take it is that microinsurance will also follow something similar to the Gartner hype cycle, although perhaps less pronounced than microcredit. On the upside, technology has enabled MIA - and will enable others - to do what was not possible in the past: Microinsurance, like all insurance, faces the problem of moral hazard - how do we know that disaster actually struck? MIA has overcome this problem for crop microinsurance by relying on meteorological data - payments are automatic if certain weather patterns emerge. Crop microinsurance faces the problem of correlational risk - weather disasters tend to hit a lot of farmers in a single geographic area. A microinsurance provider that is not geographically diversified would probably go bust. MIA has managed to offer this kind of insurance worldwide because advances in internet technology have allowed it to engage local organizations the world over as agents. Yet this is not the end to all the problems of microinsurance. As with microcredit, creating trust with poor clients will always create a non-trivial cost. And persuading clients that it's in their interest to buy microinsurance will remain difficult. I just hope that inflated expectations don't get in the way of quickly reaching the plateau of productivity.

Microinsurance - the next sexy development initiative?

In the last couple of years, microcredit has managed to get a sexy reputation, for better and for worse. The attention helps to bring large dollops of funding, but at the same time raises expectations higher than can ever be met. Development initiatives of this type probably go through something similar to Gartner's hype cycle for technological breakthroughs, with a peak, a trough, and a leveling off:

Microcredit is probably past its peak of inflated expectations. Microinsurance, though, may be one its way up - now that the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has thrown its weight behind microinsurance, attention is sure to grow. The Gates Foundation recently awarded a grant to the International Labor Organization to establish a Microinsurance Innovation Facility - in cooperation with CGAP - that will award some 40 to 50 innovation grants at a total value of $18 million. (For more on the initiative, check out Improving risk management for the poor.) Microcredit has proven effective enough that it will undoutedly make it to the 'plateau of productivity'. Can the same be said of microinsurance?
In its October edition, The Banker reports on one of the success stories of microinsurance. The Micro Insurance Agency has been able to offer a commercially viable product with extraordinarily small margins:
Founded in 2005 by parent company Opportunity International, among the world's largest microfinance networks, MIA is something of a specialist in this regard. As a designer, distributor and administrator of insurance products specifically for the poor, the organisation has to think dynamically when it comes to the technological and operational aspects of delivering crop insurance. Working in conjunction with the World Bank and several other partners, MIA has become a recognised pioneer in delivering inexpensive, accessible microcrop insurance to poor communities, through the development of the world's first weather index-linked microinsurance products.
Will this all turn out to be hype that all comes tumbling down? My take it is that microinsurance will also follow something similar to the Gartner hype cycle, although perhaps less pronounced than microcredit. On the upside, technology has enabled MIA - and will enable others - to do what was not possible in the past:
Microinsurance, like all insurance, faces the problem of moral hazard - how do we know that disaster actually struck? MIA has overcome this problem for crop microinsurance by relying on meteorological data - payments are automatic if certain weather patterns emerge.
Crop microinsurance faces the problem of correlational risk - weather disasters tend to hit a lot of farmers in a single geographic area. A microinsurance provider that is not geographically diversified would probably go bust. MIA has managed to offer this kind of insurance worldwide because advances in internet technology have allowed it to engage local organizations the world over as agents.
Yet this is not the end to all the problems of microinsurance. As with microcredit, creating trust with poor clients will always create a non-trivial cost. And persuading clients that it's in their interest to buy microinsurance will remain difficult. I just hope that inflated expectations don't get in the way of quickly reaching the plateau of productivity.

Global Banking

International banking activities frequently result in financial instability and serious economic downturns as financial markets become more open and deregulated.
Competition from multinational banks has reduced the availability of credit to small- and medium-sized enterprises, to low- and middle-income consumers, and to farmers.
While economies experience financial instabilities and declining credit, governments are losing the means to protect their domestic markets.
Once a hometown business, banking is now a global affair. Since the early 1980s, bankers— working together with national policymakers and officials at such international financial institutions (IFIs) as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF)—have largely succeeded in deregulating the global banking system. As local, domestic, and international barriers to private banking have tumbled, cross-border banking has spread dramatically, and major banks in the world’s wealthy nations have established branches throughout the globe. Although this globalization of private banking has increased the availability of loans to governments and businesses and improved the quality of banking services for some customers, its overall impact has been negative, both at home and abroad.
The global reach of private banking has two major dimensions: cross-border lending and direct investment in the financial services sector of other nations. Cross-border lending occurs when a U.S. institution like Bank America lends dollars to the Mexican government or to a company in Mexico. Direct investment occurs when a U.S. bank like Citibank establishes a subsidiary in a foreign country. Banks that have subsidiaries in other countries are called multinational banks (MNBs). The largest U.S. banks do both: lend internationally and have an array of subsidiaries active in the financial services sector of many foreign countries.
In the last two decades both types of global banking have expanded, although the rise in multinational banking has been more dramatic. In mid-1997, U.S. banks had a foreign loan portfolio of $131 billion, whereas the assets of the branches and subsidiaries of U.S. banks totaled $511 billion. U.S. banks, which account for about 15% of all cross-border lending, are aggressive MNBs. Citibank, for example, is one of the world’s largest banks, with operations in more than 90 countries.
The rise in international bank lending and the worldwide expansion of MNBs have given some borrowers better access to credit. But the spread of global banking has contributed to the financial instability of many nations and led to the disruption of domestic credit markets. Short-term, international lending favors speculative investments over those that increase long-term productivity. This sets the stage for speculative booms followed by economic crashes. The direct entry of MNBs into foreign financial markets—particularly those of low income countries (LICs)—often triggers a drop in the lending levels of domestic banks. Small- and medium-sized enterprises, consumers, and farmers are generally the first to lose access to affordable financing, while transnational corporations and domestic blue-chip companies are the least affected. Reduced access to credit means that firms cannot undertake all their investment projects, thus stifling economic growth.
The negative effects of global financial deregulation are not limited to LICs, however. To repay their international debt, countries with troubled economies often focus on increasing their exports and attracting foreign investors. Workers in the U.S. experience low-wage competition as imports increase and U.S. companies close domestic factories to set up shop abroad. Furthermore, to prevent financial crises from spreading, the IMF and lender governments orchestrate financial bailouts that are underwritten by the taxpayers of both the LICs and the wealthier countries like the United States.
Although the risks and problems associated with deregulated financial flows are increasingly evident, several multilateral institutions—including the IMF, the World Trade Organization (WTO), and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)—are currently negotiating new agreements that would open more markets to MNBs on an even broader scale than previous regional agreements, such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum. The explicit purpose of the proposed rules is to create legal, political, and economic frameworks that would make it virtually impossible for governments to impose controls on international capital. For example, the IMF intends to amend its articles so that member countries would be required to obtain permission from the IMF to introduce capital controls; the WTO is negotiating a new agreement called the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) to liberalize service sectors, including banking; and the OECD is negotiating a Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI), which would substantially increase the rights of international lenders and multinational banks.

CRIMINAL CHARACTERISTIC OF CRIMES COMMITTED IN THE BANKING SYSTEMBY USING UP-TO-DATE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES

Government vital activity banking system which deals with accumulating, dividing and using governmental and private funds is the most attractive for individual criminals and especially organized criminal groups. The most financial swindles of different kinds accomplished more often during various bank operations are committed now in this system.
To function normally economy needs to have a reliable, stable and developed banking system where banks will implement payments, extend credits to their clients in proper time, provide with services in securities operations and so on, and so forth. If the bank financial position is “swayed”, the financial standing of hundreds of bank clients can give a lurch as well.
The annual growth in the bank offense amount increases the size of loss caused by these crimes. Data for 1997-1998 prove that more than 75% of all losses inflicted by the financial criminality only fall on the commerce bank field of business.
Offenses committed in the banking system or by using it can be attributed to the most dangerous economic crimes since their negative influence is not only reflected on the bank itself but also the many other subjects of the economical activity and the financial system of the government at large.
Sums that are drawn from the banking accounts of the depositors and the resources of the banks themselves by applying computer systems reach especially great extents. Crime, which covers corpus delicti provided by the Criminal Code of Ukraine in Clauses 190 “Fraud”, 200 “Illegal act with transfer bills, payment cards and other means of access to the banking accounts, equipment for their manufacture”, 361 “Illegal interference with the work of electronic computers, systems and computer nets”, 362 “Larceny, misappropriation, extortion or possession of the computer information by swindling or abusing official position”, 363 “Violation of operating rules for electronic systems”, can be attributed to this kind of criminal activity.
Early 90-s the global society computerization was initiated in Ukraine that did not become only a factor of the scientific-and-technological progress but also entered work, everyday life, science, education and culture. Computers became indispensable man help.
Today our country has sufficiently developed system of electronic communication, which cannot be absolutely reliable and protected. Such a situation gives criminals a possibility to get an access to the computer information systems to conduct illegal manipulations with mercenary motives. The society computerization results in increasing the amount of computer crimes and their weight depending on the sums used in the total part of the material costs in comparison with the ordinary offenses.
The object of the criminal trespass depending on the kind of a crime is not the same. The criminal trespasses in the bank sphere are determined by the criminal-and-legal indication depending on the circumstances by the clauses of different chapters from the Criminal Code of Ukraine: 1.Offenses against property – “Fraud”; 2.Offenses in the sphere of economic activity – “Illegal acts with transfer bills, payment cards, equipment for their manufacture and other means of access to the banking accounts”; 3.Offenses in the sphere of using electronic computers, systems and computer nets – “Illegal interference with the work of the electronic computers, systems and computer nets”; “Larceny, misappropriation, extortion and possession of the computer information by swindling or abusing official position”; “Violation of the operating rules for automated electronic systems”; . Funds of the government or private firms, enterprises and persons in the Ukrainian or foreign currency, goods and property as well are the object of these criminal trespasses.
The methods of committing banking offenses are very different. Let us examine the crimes committed by using modern information technologies: counterfeit and application of the plastic payments cards and computer banking information.
For the last years the Ukrainian market of the bank technologies traversed a path from the initial stage of computerization – realizing the most simple banking operations on the base of the personal computers, to the valuable automated banking systems, which meet the most exacting modern requirements. The international systems of payment are being introduced.
The modern state of the information systems and electronic technique allows introducing the most delicate and interesting technologies. One of them is so called "e-money".
The mutual interest of the government and the owners of the plastic cards stipulated the appearance and spread of plastic payments means. It is one of the ways for the government to reduce the needs in ready money mass.
The emitters recurrently inform the organizations, which accept cards, about the numbers of cards declared null and void, stolen, lost or forged. The list of the numbers of such cards is called “stop-list”. When using a card, it is checked for the validity of its details by the “stop-list” and with the reading unit.
Hackers are a real danger for the bank industry of plastic payment means. When using special software they can determine and then sell the numbers of valid accounts of the credit cards and also extend passwords, identification numbers, credit and other personal information through computer nets, thereby helping criminals to obtain illegal access to the credit offices and computer systems of the financial establishments.
But counterfeit is the most dangerous threat for the payment systems with using bank plastic cards. This kind of offenses is developed the most dynamically and creates great difficulties when researching and calculating losses. Criminals use the numbers of the valid cards and their owners even do not guess it.
Theft in the bank activity with using electronic computers or computer nets is broadly extended now. This kind of theft is characterized with that the criminals abused their official position to get unlawful access to the computer information of the financial character, concentrated in the electronic centers of the banking establishments, revealed the flaws in the activity of the inspection services and carry out the criminal operations with the information obtained from the electronic computers and data carriers.
Today there are four groups of principal means of committing computer crimes:
1.Information piracy: direct and electromagnetic
2.Unauthorized access to information: “computer boarding”, “mystification”, “disguising”, “changeable choice”, “by tail”, “emergency”, “after fool”, “breakthrough”, “hatch”, “storehouse without walls”, “system gawks”.
3.Manipulation with information: “Trojan hobbled hoarse”, “Trojan wooden doll”, data substitution, code replacement, computer virus, “salami”, “logical bomb”, “asynchronous attack”, modeling, “kite”, “trap with bite”.
4.Obtaining and using information with criminal purpose: larceny of software, equipment by means of computer operations, theft of money by means of gaining confidential codes, computer remittance, manipulation with computer or introducing alterations to the program.
Commitment of these crimes is preceded by the certain preparation, the character of which depends on the level of connection of the wrongdoers with the activity of the bank electronic center. The unauthorized persons think over the ways of access to the computer systems, try to find out the program passwords and keys. The programmers, operators and other officials of the computer center and other bank departments who prepare such a swindle choose the most favorable circumstance to commit it and can set up a false firm with the settlement account to transfer drawn money, etc.
In the main, criminal action consists of conducting contact operations of the wrongdoers with the electronic computers or machine carriers, drawing necessary information or money from the e-accounts of the bank clients, possessing it or transferring it to the accounts of the “false” organizations.
Restoring the initial program that underwent some changes in the process of criminal access to the bank computer information conceals such an offense. Highly skilled experts who may breach the bank software depending on its level of access can do this.
Situation created by criminals to commit these crimes first of all is formed under the influence of different misunderstanding, contradictory, undeveloped regulations in our legislation, some insufficiently considered decisions and inadequately elaborated mechanism of realizing decisions in the field of bank activity.
The circumstance is favorable for swindlers who use plastic payments cards when “stop-lists” are not send in time to the organizations which accept these cards and the persons who take and check these cards at the commercial and other facilities are careless.
The situation of the lax control for maintaining the established order of professional work in the electronic bank nets and the insufficient protection of computer systems favor the mercenary crimes dealing with using information electronic systems. Here criminals apply favorable conditions already objectively formed for them more often than those specially created by them. Even the insufficiently considered organizational-and-administrative decisions can favor such plundering.
Criminal. Psychology of profit-seekers, dealers, liking for profit, striving for quick accumulation of wealth by any means without taking into consideration that their actions can cause at times serious losses to the economy of Ukraine is peculiar to most of them.
Persons who commit these crimes have comparatively high level of education.
Persons who commit theft by means of using computer bank systems should be referred to the specific category of these wrongdoers.
Defining persons who commit computer offenses it is necessary to mark the main distinction, and namely: very many people ranged from highly skilled specialists to amateurs are involved in the electronic criminality.
Home and foreign researches make it possible to paint a portrait of a typical computer, electronic criminal, that is a proper profile of this social type: he is average 30 years old, by education – an engineer in the field of electronics and mathematics, or programmer, but there are some cases when the criminals never had any technical experience. Besides they are not on the books at IAA and do not have criminal past at all.
According to Computer Criminality Research Center males are five times oftener the subjects of crimes committed by means of using high technologies. The most criminals have full or incomplete higher technical education (53,7%), another full or incomplete higher education (19,2%). Persons aged from 30 to 45 (46,5%) and from 16 to 30 (37,8%) as well prevail among them.
From a position of human psychophysical characteristics it is a desired official, a bright, thinking, creative person, who knows his business and is ready to accept a technical challenge. They always occupy senior posts and are equipped with special knowledge and the newest technologies, have an access to the banking computer systems.
At the same time they are afraid of losing their authority or certain status within the limits of a social group, or being mocked at the work.
It should be taken into consideration that at this stage the computer crimes in the bank system are committed mostly in an organized way. It is explained by that the organized criminal groups, which have wide influence, can transfer money to the foreign bank accounts without any problems, or “launder” it through false firms in order to legalize and bring it into circulation later on.
These criminals are notable for concentration and diligence, their actions are refined, cunning and accompanied with excellent disguising. Outwardly the behavior of those people do not differ from the social rules established in the society. More frequently they do not only have special skills in making use of electronic computers, their devices but also can apply bank program passwords and keys, use their expert knowledge to falsify programs by means of altering correct output data. They are usually operation officials who occupy various posts, programmers and computer operators. Computer crimes with mercenary motives are also committed by so called “hackers” (possessed programmers) who are chiefly young people well technically and professionally trained to work with electronic computers and draw up computer programs.
Researches show that mainly bank officials: programmers, engineers, and operators who are users or service personal of electronic computers (41,9%) can obtain a direct unauthorized access to the electronic computers, systems or computer nets. Almost twice less the other bank officials (20,2%) can gain such an access, and in 8,6% of cases the crime was committed by the officials that had been dismissed, 22,5% - an unauthorized access is obtained by a stranger.
“Hackers” – computer rowdies who enjoy penetrating into smb. else’s computer. They are capital experts on information technology. By means of telephones and home computers they are connected to the nets, which transmit information linked nearly with all big computers that operate in the field of economy and banking activity.
First hacker’s aim can be only a sporting interest, connected with solving a difficult problem of “breaking” protection of program product or creating computer virus only to please their self-admiration or just make a fun. Hackers are notable for a high professionalism in combination with specific computer fanaticism. It is necessary to underline that the lack of evident unlawful intents features the criminals of this group. Practically all their actions are taken to show their intellectual faculties.
Professional criminals who act with obvious mercenary motive and have steady criminal experience are the most dangerous threat for the sphere of banking activity. Crimes that bear serial, continuous character are always concealed. More often the members of the organized criminal groups are highly skilled experts with higher mathematical, engineering and technical or economical education who are equipped with special technique. Most of the especially unsafe crimes in public offices such as misappropriation of money means to the particularly large extents committed by applying computing machinery fall on the share of this group of criminals.
They work either at the offices against which they act or outside them, alone or with accomplices. Some of them are weakly equipped and other have expensive, prestige and powerful computer systems.
Revealing traces. The biggest difficulty is to establish a fact of committing a computer crime in the banking system. It is explained by that outwardly the fact of committing a computer crime and its display in the environment is more modest than when burglarizing a grocery store or quite insignificant. Outwardly you cannot see an obvious loss of property inflicted by the electronic criminal. For example, unlawful copying out information more often remains entirely unrevealed, introducing a virus into computer is more often put down to the unintentional error of the user who could not “reveal” it when contacting with inner computer world.
Mechanism of committing offenses connected with automated systems of processing information is often hidden from the victims. Besides the fact of the information leakage can be disguised by means of electronic devices at the normal course of events before it is revealed.
Very often executive officers obliged to ensure computer security are not interesting in revealing fact of crime commitment. Acknowledgement of the fact of unauthorized access to the system, which is under their jurisdiction, puts under doubt their professional proficiency; weakness of computer security measures undertaken by the administration can result in serious internal complications.
As for the suffered banks their officials are not interesting at all in registration of those crimes but on the contrary try to conceal them studiously. Since making public the fact of committing criminal actions against bank computer will be negatively reflected on the authority of the establishment and can result in losing clients (only in 8,2% of cases the victims appeal to the law-enforcement agencies, and in other cases there are only internal investigations).
The result of it is that the reluctance to inform about a crime, deliberately concealing it, favors putting obstacles in the way of revealing criminal traces which are insufficient enough as they are. But if the damaged party informs the law-enforcement bodies about committed crime the team of inquiry arrives on site of an accident and inspects it to reveal traces of the offense.
In particular all the computers of the banking establishments are equipped with the unauthorized access warning systems which fix all the attempts of this kind. Suffice it to enter a proper command and computer will display all the information. But a criminal can penetrate into another computer by finding weak points in the system protection; in this case the unauthorized access will not be fixed. In spite of prudence when working with information sometimes there remain traces: accidentally erased information or program confusion, which could occur when improper command is used. If money were drawn from the bank, making more detailed inspection will reveal the inflicted loss of property.
The officials, persons who know operating conditions very well and can use the possibilities of this system with mercenary purposes, mainly commit the lion’s share of computer crimes in the bank system. There are very few those people in every establishment so crime traces can remain on their working places. They are CD-ROMs, floppies where the criminal save necessary information, copies, notes on sheets of paper (passwords, codes).
Unfortunately electronic criminals commit nearly all the crimes in the daytime at the work when they are engaged in their official activity and you can do nothing with it. The only way out is to improve the protection system and restrict an access to the information on the system operating conditions. The less informed, the less suspected.
Circumstances that are subject to specifying in a process of investigating banking crimes, independently of their type are mainly determined on the base of their criminal characteristic and by taking into consideration an evidential matter.
The first group of these circumstances is connected with establishing all the main circumstances of the crime case to be investigated: an object of criminal trespass; means of commitment and mechanism (all stages) of criminal action, situation of committing it (place, time, specification of financial operations, conditions for performing and checking them, other local and surrounding conditions that accompany actions to be investigated), other circumstances that influence on the motives of actions; character and extent of the caused losses (harmful consequences); individual peculiarities of the suspected; availability or lack of indications of the organized criminal group activity (if it is determined and the suspected are its members). It is important to ascertain (if a crime had some episodes) the whole period during which the crimes were committed, and all the circumstances of committing it. Revealing the enumerated circumstances usually creates the necessary factual base for bringing an accusation.
The second group of circumstances combines facts that confirm guilt of the accused, and motives of committing a crime, including determining extent and nature of circumstances that aggravate or mitigate the punishment.
The third group of circumstances – conditions that favor committing a crime (imperfection of legal regulation of applicable operations, shortcomings of applicable rules of conducting operations, poor automation of payment transactions, etc.)
The fourth group of circumstances bears largely a criminal character and is aimed to reveal data that help to determine sources of main and additional information on the case. The process of determining circumstances of the group includes: verification of investigation versions, which have arisen; verification and assessment of actual data that formed the basis for criminal assessment of the action to be investigated (information about means, mechanism and circumstance of committing a crime), and also revealing and assessing the extent of the inflicted loss, means of disposal of stolen property and valuables purchased with drawn money.

The Emergence of Online Banking

There was a day when personal banking required a trip to the bank, standing in often long lines, and making a transaction via a bank teller Money was accessible only at a brick and mortar locationThere was a day when personal banking required a trip to the bank, standing in often long lines, and making a transaction via a bank teller. Money was accessible only at a brick and mortar location. Any financial needs not taken care of by the end of the business day would have to wait until the next. Access to one''s money was dictated largely by the bank?s hours of operation. Times have changed. Today, with the advent of the Internet, accessibility to one''s finances is more convenient than ever. With online banking there are no long lines or gas-guzzling drives to the bank. Transactions, bill payment and ordering new checks can all be accomplished with the click of a button in the comfort of one''s own home. ATMs allow instant access to cash. For some people, there is no brick and mortar bank behind their online accounts ? their banking is conducted entirely with an Internet bank. In fact, online banking has become the preferred transaction method for most of America''s banking customers. While an online transaction can take just under three minutes, it can take nearly 10 minutes at a bank to conduct that same transaction due to waiting in line and interacting with a branch teller. While some may have questioned the validity of online banking in the 1990s, it has proven to be one of the most valuable assets banks can offer their customers today. While fewer than one in seven Americans were online in 1995, two out of every three Americans are online today, according recent statistics. Americans are surfing the web, conducting e-commerce, and examining their bank statements from their personal computers at rates much faster than in the time those things could be accomplished apart from a computer. With the advent of the Internet in the 1990s, confidence in this new form of collecting and transferring information was an obvious pathway for banks to pursue. It gave bank customers what they never had before -- access to their money. Features have become more sophisticated and user friendly through the decade. Today''s banks offer online banking services which allow users to conduct a variety of transactions ? everything from account to account transfers and paying bills to applying for a loan or making an investment. Especially convenient, online banking allows users to instantly view their accounts, balance the books, and monitor spending. And with the use of personal finance programs, data can be easily imported making personal financial management easier than ever. Some banking programs even allow users to monitor all of their accounts at one site regardless if they are with their main bank or with another institution. Online banking has also opened doors for those shopping for a loan. Online lenders make applying for a loan easy and convenient, including everything a customers needs to make an application, including application forms and instant assistance on their website. The success of these types of services have allowed consumers to seek the best terms and have brought about a new level of competition between banks looking to expand their bottom line. One of the most important features to the growth of online banking has been the development of protection barriers to safeguard users and their money. Personal Identification Numbers (PINs) and/or passwords have allowed users to authenticate and protect accounts and transactions. Indeed, the Internet has proven to be a powerful and growing tool for today''s consumers. Through it, online banking has provided customers more control over their finances and freed up time that would have been spent standing in a bank line. But as with many things, precaution and education are important elements for online banking customers. At the end of the day, online banking succeeds only with the vigilance of the banks and their customers.
AmericanMomentumBank.com provides a wide array of personal banking and business banking options and banking solutions tailored to your individual needs. For more information, please visit AmericanMomentumBank.com.

What Are Your Career Future With An Arts Degree?

There are two good reasons for taking an arts degree: because you are really interested in an arts subject for it own sake, and because much of the job market will be open to you once your have gained your degree. However, you will find that people have mixed views on the value of the arts. Many people think that all arts are not very useful because most of the art degree's subject's cannot fit into a specific type of job. So, what is your career future, if you are taking an art degree?An art degree is considered an "open" degree which it suit for many career fields but it may not fit into a specific one. Unless you are really sure that you want to enter a "close" profession like medicine, architecture, accounting and law, then it is essential that you study for a direct degree with an appropriate qualification, else if you have no idea what you would like to do, then, you may want to choose an arts degree because you like the subject.According to the annual survey of final year undergraduates conducted by Market Opinion Research International (MORI) shows that only three months away from their final examinations half still have not chosen their future career field. Hence, you are not alone if you are choosing an arts degree because you like the subject and defer the decision of your career field until you are close to your graduation. In fact, you could take a vocational postgraduate course after graduation from arts degree program if your arts degree is not relevant to the career you choose later.Generally fewer employers specify arts degrees for their graduate vacancies except for positions such as teaching specialist, art & design and foreign languages. Although graduates with a science / technology degree have a slight advantage over arts graduates in the job market and they tend to find job more easily and have a somewhat higher starting salary. However, the difference may not so great when both degrees' graduates move along their career path. Students with an arts degree tend to have better communication & presentation skills who can communicate lucidly, orally and in writing.Many employers are looking for these types of skills in their hiring positions and an arts degree graduates are likely to be preferred and have a distinct advantages over the science/technology graduates. Good communication skills are vital in careers such as banking, business management, the civil service, local government and the armed forces. In these areas, graduates with an arts degree who have distinct communication skills would have advantages to get hired for the positions.In actually fact, holding an arts degree won't limit you to any career except for those "close" professions that required specific degree because many graduates enter careers which have nothing to do with the subjects they have studied. Many of them even end up in jobs which have nothing to do with their degree subject. They get hired by the employers because of their skills and experience they acquired while studying for arts degree which are important to the employers.Hence, if you are interested to study an arts degree in your college, you don't need to worry about your future career as many career opportunities are waiting for you after your graduation.You can find more details information and free resources about online Arts Degree, online schools, financial aids and other online degree programs that can help you to make decision to earn your degree.